1. "Wildlife", in Colorado Environmental Coalition, Colorado Environmental Handbook, Denver, CO 1996.
2. Edward T. LaRoe, "Biodiversity: a New Challenge" in Our Living Resources: A Report to the Nation on the Distribution, Abundance, and Health of U.S. Plants, Animals, and Ecosystems, U.S. Department of the Interior, National Biological Service, Washington DC, 1995.
3. See Fred P. Bosselman, Habitation and Habitat: Building Where the Wild Things Are, Southwestern Legal Foundation, Dallas, 1993.
4. Steven J. Bissell, Kathi Demarest, and Donald L. Schrupp,"The Use of Zoning Ordinances in the Protection and Development of Wildlife Habitat" in County Government and Wildlife Management: A Guide to Cooperative Habitat Development, Linda Sikorowski and Steven J. Bissell, Eds., Colorado Division of Wildlife, Denver, 1986.
5. Beatley 1994.
6. Walters 1986; Walters and Holling 1990.
7. Botkin 1990; Pickett et al. 1992; Jordon 1994; Turner 1994; Kane 1994.
8. Harris 1984; Hoover and Wils 1984.
9. Sinclair 1989.
10. Peters 1983; Pennycuick 1992.
11. Colinvaux 1978.
12. Gates and Gysel, Whitcomb et. al. 1981, Lynch and Whigham 1984.
13. Hagan and Johnston 1992.
14. Whitcomb et. al.1981, Yahner and Wright 1985, Andren and Angelstam 1988.
15. Brittingham and Temple 1983.
16. Schonewald-Cox and Buechner 1990, and Bennett 1991.
17. See reviews in Wilcox and Murphy 1985; Wilcove et al. 1986; Simberloff 1988; Pimm and Gilpin 1989; Pimm et al. 1988; Ryan and Siegfried 1993; Fahrig and Merriam 1994.
18. Raup 1991, Lande 1993; Caughley 1994.
19. Goodman 1987; Lande 1993.
20. Lande and Barrowclough 1987; Lande 1988.
21. Beardmore 1983; Charlesworth and Charlesworth 1987; Pimm and Gilpin 1989; Hass 1989.
22. Reviewed by Boyce 1992; Remmert 1993.
23. Reviewed by Ryan and Siegfried 1993; Fahrig and Merriam 1994.
24. MacArthur and Wilson 1967.
25. Deshaye and Morisset 1989; Gilpin and Diamond 1980; Seagle 1986; Simberloff and Abele 1982.
26. MacArthur 1972.
27. Harris 1984, Brown 1971.
28. MacArthur 1972.
29. Milsap et. al. 1990; Master 1991; Given and Norton 1993; Gross et. al. 1995.
30. Forman and Godron 1981; Marcot and Meretsky 1983; Fox 1983; Forman 1995.
31. Forman 1995.
32. Simberloff 1988; Hobbs 1992; Mann and Plummer 1995.
33. But see Hess 1994.
34. Forman 1995.
35. E.g, Edwards and Ritcey 1956; Taber and Dasmann 1957; Herbert 1973; Risenhoover and Bailey 1985; Wilcove 1985; Shaw and Carter 1990; Kozakiewicz 1993; Boyce 1991.
36. Wiens 1990; Stacey and Taper 1992; Wissel et al. 1993; Verboom et. al. 1993.
37. Simberloff 1988, Lande and Barrowclough 1987.
38. . Deforge et. al. 1979; Beardmore 1983; Sausman 1984; Charlesworth and Charlesworth 1987; Hass 1989.
39. Botkin 1990.
40. Pickett and Thompson 1978; Pickett et. al. 1992.
41. Aldrich and Coffin 1980.
42. Soulé et. al. 1988, Soulé et. al. 1992.
43. Singer 1978, Rost and Bailey 1979, van der Zande et. al. 1980, Reijnen et. al. 1987.
44. Morgantini and Hudson 1980.
45. MacArthur et. al. 1982.
46. van der Zande et. al. 1980.
47. van der Zande et. al. 1980, Gabrielson and Smith 1995.
48. Gabrielson and Smith 1995.
49. Rost and Bailey 1979.
50. E.g., MacArthur et. al. 1982.
51. Gabrielson and Smith 1995.
52. Ibid.
53. Ibid.
54. E.g., White and Thurow 1985, Hockin et. al. 1992.
55. Harris 1984.
56. Harris 1984, Noss and Harris 1986.
57. Morgantini and Hudson 1980.
58. Gabrielson and Smith 1995.
59. E.g., Hobbs 1989.
60. Freddy et. al. 1986, Ward et. al. 1980.
61. Schultz and Bailey 1978, Cassirer et. al. 1992.
62. Holmes et. al. 1993.
63. Stalmaster and Newman 1978.
64. Based on the methods of Rodgers and Smith 1995.
65. Soulé 1991a, Noss 1993.
66. Simberloff and Cox 1987, Noss 1987.
67. Wegner and Merriam 1979, Dmowski and Kozakiewicz 1990, Merriam and Lanoue 1990.
68. Bennett 1990, Saunders and Hobbs 1991.
69. Hobbs 1992.
70. Simberloff et. al. 1992.
71. Lindenmayer and Nix 1993.
72. Simberloff et. al. 1992.
73. Bennett 1991.
74. Harris and Gallagher 1989.
75. Oxley et al. 1974, Wilkins 1982, Swihart and Slade 1984, Brody and Pelton 1989.
76. Noss 1993, p.60.
77. Forman 1995.
78. Reed et. al. 1975, Singer et. al. 1985, Langton 1989, Mansergh and Scotts 1989.
79. Soulé 1991b.
80. Forman 1995.
81. Ibid.
82. E.g., Lopez 1978, but see Wilkinson 1995.
83. Elton 1927.
84. Soulé et. al. 1988, Harris 1989.
85. Terborgh and Winter 1980, Emmons 1984.
86. Soulé et. al. 1988.
87. George 1974.
88. Glanz 1982.
89. Hoffman and Gottschang 1977, Rosatte et. al. 1991.
90. Churcher and Lawton 1987, Harris and Silva-Lopez 1992.
91. See Pet Food Institute 1990
92. Emlen 1974, Guthrie 1974, Weber 1975, Vale and Vale 1976.
93. Hoffman and Gottschang 1977, Haspel and Calhoon 1989.
94. Calhoon and Haspel 1989.
95. Polsley 1975, Adamec 1976.
96. Adamec 1976.
97. Adams 1994.
98. MacArthur et. al. 1961.
99. Karr and Roth 1971, Willson 1974.
100. Roth 1976.
101. MacArthur et. al. 1962.
102. James and Wamer 1982, Rice et. al. 1983, Anderson et. al. 1983.
103. Rotenberry 1985.
104. Batten 1972, Geis 1974, Aldrich and Coffin 1980.
105. Emlen 1974, DeGraaf and Wentworth 1981, Beissinger and Osborne 1982.
106. DeGraaf and Wentworth 1981.
107. Geis 1974, Mills et. al. 1989, Sears and Anderson 1991.
108. DeGraaf 1987.
109. Beissinger and Osborne 1982.
110. Southwood 1961.
111. DeGraaf 1986.
112. DeGraaf 1987.
113. D. M. Armstrong, University of Colorado, personal communication.
114. Miller 1995.
115. 272 U.S. 365 (1926).
116. C.R.S. §§ 30-28-106 and 31-23-206.
117. See Steven J. Bissell et. al., The Use of Zoning Ordinances in the Protection and Development of Wildlife Habitat, in Integrating Man and Nature in the Metropolitan Environment 37, (Lowell W. Adams and Daniel L. Leedy, eds., Nat. Inst. for Urban Wildlife 1986).
118. Robert E. Coughlin, Diana C. Mendes, and Ann L. Strong, Private Trees and Public Interest: Programs for Protecting and Planting Trees in Metropolitan Areas, Research Report Series No. 10, University of Pennsylvania Department of City and Regional Planning (1984).
119. See Michael A. Aurelia, The Role of Wetland Regulation in Preserving Wildlife Habitat in Suburban Environments, in Integrating Man and Nature in the Metropolitan Environment 213, (Lowell W. Adams and Daniel L. Leedy, eds., Nat. Inst. for Urban Wildlife 1986).
120. Linda Sikorowski, Steven J. Bissell, and Jim Jones, "Conservation Techniques in Land Conversions" in County Government and Wildlife Management: A Guide to Cooperative Habitat Development, Linda Sikorowski and Steven J. Bissell, eds., Colorado Division of Wildlife (Denver, 1986).
121. Ibid., pages X28-X29.
122. Linda Sikorowski, Steven J. Bissell, and Jim Jones, "Conservation Techniques in Land Conversions" in County Government and Wildlife Management: A Guide to Cooperative Habitat Development, Linda Sikorowski and Steven J. Bissell, eds., Colorado Division of Wildlife (Denver, 1986),pages X22-X24.
123. See John L. Lyle and Ronald D. Quinn, Ecological Corridors in Urban Southern California, in Wildlife Conservation in Metropolitan Environments 105, (Lowell W. Adams and Daniel L. Leedy, eds., Nat. Inst. for Urban Wildlife 1990).
124. See Hal Salwasser, Greenways for Americans, in Integrating Man and Nature in the Metropolitan Environment 119, (Lowell W. Adams and Daniel L. Leedy, eds., Nat. Inst. for Urban Wildlife 1986).
125. See Grace L. Evans, The Environmental Resource Overlay Zone - An Approach to Protecting Riparian Habitat in Tucson, Arizona, in Wildlife Conservation in Metropolitan Environments 89, (Lowell W. Adams and Daniel L. Leedy, eds., Nat. Inst. for Urban Wildlife 1990).
126. 114 S.Ct. 2309 (1994).
127. C.R.S. § 35-3.5-102.
128. Colo. Const. Art. 10 § 3; See Boulder County Board of Equalization v. M.D.C. Construction Co., 830 P.2d 975 (Colo. 1992).
129. C.R.S. 38-30.5-102.
130. Linda Sikorowski, Steven J. Bissell, and Jim Jones, "Conservation Techniques in Land Conversions" in County Government and Wildlife Management: A Guide to Cooperative Habitat Development, Linda Sikorowski and Steven J. Bissell, eds., Colorado Division of Wildlife (Denver, 1986).
131. 114 S.Ct 2309 (1994).
132. C.R.S. § 24-68-104
133. See Eve Endicott, Land Conservation Through Public/Private Partnerships, (Lincoln Institute of Land Policy 1993).
134. See Paul A. Faraca, The Public-Private Partnership for Park Preservation: The Massachusetts Model, in Integrating Man and Nature in the Metropolitan Environment 15, (Lowell W. Adams and Daniel L. Leedy, eds., Nat. Inst. for Urban Wildlife 1986).
135. See Lee Liu, Urban Wildlife: Industry Perspective, in Wildlife Conservation in Metropolitan Environments 19, (Lowell W. Adams and Daniel L. Leedy, eds., Nat. Inst. for Urban Wildlife 1990).
136. See John A. Kraeuter et. al., Crane Aquaculture Facility: A Utility Company's Commitment to the Quality of Life in the Service Area, in Integrating Man and Nature in the Metropolitan Environment 229, (Lowell W. Adams and Daniel L. Leedy, eds., Nat. Inst. for Urban Wildlife 1986).
137. C.R.S. § 29-29-105(1) (West Supp. 1994).
138. C.R.S. § 29-20-105.
139. See Lisa Schicker, Design Criteria for Children and Wildlife in Residential Developments, in Integrating Man and Nature in the Metropolitan Environment 99, (Lowell W. Adams and Daniel L. Leedy, eds., Nat. Inst. for Urban Wildlife 1986).
140. See Laura Spess Jackson, Public Response to Bald Eagle Appreciation Days, in Wildlife Conservation in Metropolitan Environments 211, (Lowell W. Adams and Daniel L. Leedy, eds., Nat. Inst. for Urban Wildlife 1990).
141. K. Bruce Jones, The Inventory and Monitoring Process, in Inventory and Monitoring of Wildlife Habitat, Cooperrider, Boyd, and Stuart, eds., U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management, Washington, D.C. 1995.
142. The state's laws regarding home rule powers are found in Article XX, §§ 6 and Article XIV, § 16 of the Colorado Constitution, C.R.S. § 31-2-201 through 225 (for counties), and C.R.S. § 30-35-101 through 103 and 201 (for cities and towns).
143. City of Aurora v. Bogue, 489 P.2d 1295 (Colo. 1971).
144. See Anema v. Transit Construction Authority, (above); City and County of Denver v. Grand County Commissioners, 782 P.2d 753 (Colo. 1989); City and County of Denver v. Colorado River Water Conservation District. 696 P.2d 730 (Colo 1985).
145. Roosevelt v. City of Englewood, 492 P.2d 65 (Colo. 1971).
146. C.R.S. 31-23-207.
147. C.R.S. § 31-23-206(1); Adams County Commissioners v. City of Thornton, 629 P.2d 605 (Colo. 1981); Robinson v. City of Boulder, 547 P.2d 228 (Colo. 1976).
148. Margolis v. District Court, 638 P.2d 297 (Colo. 1981).
149. Service Oil Co. v. Rhodus, 500 P.2d 807 (Colo. 1972).
150. C.R.S. § 31-23-301.
151. C.R.S. § 31-23-309.
152. C.R.S. § 30-28-106(1); see also Adams County Commissioners v. City of Thornton, 629 P.2d 605 (Colo. 1981); Johnson v. Boulder County Commissioners, 523 P.2d 159 (Colo. App. 1974), affirmed, Colorado Leisure Products, Inc. v. Johnson, 532 P.2d 742 (Colo. 1975).
153. Concerned Citizens v. Park County Commissioners, 636 P.2d 1338 (Colo. App. 1981).
154. Theobald v. Summit County Commissioners, 644 P.2d 942 (Colo. 1982); Stuart v. Larimer County Commissioners, 699 P.2d 978 (Colo. App. 1985).
155. C.R.S. § 30-28-111 through 113.
156. C.R.S. § 30-28-123.
157. C.R.S. §§ 34-1-301 through 305.
158. Voss v. Lundvall Brothers, Inc., 830 P.2d 1061 (Colo. 1992); Board of County Commissioners v. Bowen/Edwards Associates, 803 P.2d 1045 (Colo. 1992).
159. C.R.S. §§ 34-32-101 through 125; State Board of Land Commissioners v. Mined Land Reclamation Board, 809 P.2d 974 (Colo. 1991); Cottonwood Farms v. Jefferson County Commissioners, 725 P.2d 57 (Colo. App. 1986); see also, C & M Sand and Gravel v. Boulder County Commissioners, 673 P.2d 1013 (Colo. 1983).
160. Pennobscot, Inc. v. Pitkin County Commissioners, 642 P.2d 915 (Colo. 1982); Oborne v. Douglas County Commissioners, 764 P.2d 397 (Colo. App. 1989).
161. Wilkinson v. Pitkin County Commissioners, 872 P.2d 1269 (Colo. App. 1993).
162. C.R.S. §§ 24.65.1-201 and 203.
163. C.R.S. § 24-65.1-501.
164. C.R.S. §§ 24-65.1-501(3) and (4).
165. See, City and County of Denver v. Grand County Commissioners, 782 P.2d 753 (Colo. 1989); Colorado Land Use Commission v. Larimer County Commissioners, 604 P.2d 32 (Colo. 1979); Tri-State Generation and Transmission Association v. Lincoln County Commissioners, 600 P.2d 103 (Colo. App. 1979); Louisville v. Boulder District Court, 543 P.2d 67, (Colo. 1975).
166. C.R.S. § 29-1-203.
167. C.R.S. §§ 29-20-105(2)(a) and (b).
168. C.R.S. § 30-28-133(4).
169. See Bradford J. White and Paul W. Edmondson, Procedural Due Process in Plain English, The National Trust for Historic Preservation, 1994.
170. Nollan v. California Coastal Commission, 483 U.S. 825 (1987).
171. Sherman v. Colorado Springs Planning Commission, 763 P.2d 292 (Colo. 1988); see, South of Second Associates v. Georgetown, 580 P.2d 807 (Colo. 1978), Stroud v. City of Aspen, 532 P.2d 720 (Colo. 1975), Boulder County Commissioners v. Thompson, 493 P.2d 1358 (Colo. 1972), Veterans of Foreign Wars v. City of Steamboat Springs, 575 P.2d 835 (Colo. 1978), appeal dismissed 439 U.S. 809 (1978).
172. See Sellon v. City of Manitou Springs, 745 P.2d 229 (Colo. 1987).
173. Section 4204.04, Summit County Land Use and Development Code.
174. Watson v. City of St. Petersburg, 489 S.2d 138 (Fla. App. 2d.Dist. 1986).
175. Town of Freeport v. Brickyard Cove Associates, 594 A.2d 556 (Me. 1991).
176. Morristown Road Associates v. Borough of Bernardsville, 394 A.2d 157 (N.J. Super 1978).
177. See Christopher J. Duerksen and Richard J. Roddewig, Takings Law in Plain English, The American Resources Information Network, 1994.
178. Ibid.
179. William C. Haas and Co. v. City and County of San Francisco, 605 F.2d 1117 (C.A. Cal 1979).
180. 438 U.S. 194 (1978).
181. 558 So.2d 1030 (Fla. App. 1 Dist. 1990).
182. 112 S.Ct. 2886 (1992).
183. Corrigan v. City of Scottsdale, 720 P.2d 528 (Ariz. App. 1986), affirmed in part and reversed in part 720 P.2d 513 (Ariz. 1986).
184. Allingham v. City of Seattle, 749 P.2d 160 (Wash. 1988); overruled in part by Presbytery of Seattle v. King County, 787 P.2d 907 (Wash. 1990).
185. C.R.S. § 29-1-801 et. seq.; See Bloom v. City of Fort Collins, 784 P.2d 304 (Colo. 1989);
186. 114 S.Ct. 2309 (1994).
187. 447 U.S. 255 (1980).
188. Article XXVII, Colo. Constitution; C.R.S. §§ 33-60-101 et. seq.
189. See, Colorado Private Land Habitat Programs, Colorado Division of Wildlife, April 1996.
190. See Fred P. Bosselman, Habitation and Habitat: Building Where the Wild Things Are, (Southwestern Legal Foundation 1993).
191. Palila v. Hawaii Dept. of Land and Natural Resources, 639 F.2d 495 (9th Cir. 1981).
192. Babbitt v. Sweet Home Chapter of Communities for a Greater Oregon, 115 S.Ct. 2407 (1995).
193. TVA v. Hill, 437 U.S. 153 (1977).
194. San Bruno Mountain Friends of Endangered Species v. Jantzen, 760 F.2d 976 (9th Cir. 1985); see also Richard A. Arnold and Audrey E. Goins, Habitat Enhancement Techniques for the El Segundo Blue Butterfly: An Urban Endangered Species, in Integrating Man and Nature in the Metropolitan Environment 173, (Lowell W. Adams and Daniel L. Leedy, eds., Nat. Inst. for Urban Wildlife 1986).
195. See Timothy Beatley, Use of Habitat Conservation Plans Under the Federal Endangered Species Act, in Wildlife Conservation in Metropolitan Environments 123, (Lowell W. Adams and Daniel L. Leedy, eds., Nat. Inst. for Urban Wildlife 1990).
196. See Fred Bosselman and Dan Tarlock, Federal Legal Issues in Natural Community Conservation (1993).
197. National Research Council, A Biological Survey for the Nation (National Academy Press 1993).
198. 49 U.S.C. § 303.
199. 33 U.S.C. § 1251 et. seq.
200. See David Salvesen, "Banking on Wetlands", Urban Land (June 1993)
201. 7 CFR 703.
202. 7 CFR 704 (1985-1990); 7 CFR 1410 (1990-1995).
203. Arthur Allen, "Agricultural Ecosystems" in Our Living Resources, U.S. Department of the Interior, National Biological Service, Washington, DC 1995.
204. 110 Stat. 888; April 4, 1996.
205. Bruce A. Stein, "Significance of Federal Lands for Endangered Species" in Our Living Resources, U.S. Department of the Interior, National Biological Service, Washington, DC 1995.
206. See Bruce Blanchard, Wildlife in a Changing World: Urban Challenges for the Fish and Wildlife Service, in Wildlife Conservation in Metropolitan Environments 15, (Lowell W. Adams and Daniel L. Leedy, eds., Nat. Inst. for Urban Wildlife 1990).
207. See J. David Almand, A New Era for Fish and Wildlife in the BLM, in Wildlife Conservation in
Metropolitan Environments 21, (Lowell W. Adams and Daniel L. Leedy, eds., Nat. Inst. for Urban Wildlife 1990).
208. See Michael J. Matthews et al., Interagency Cooperation in Restoring Freshwater Wetlands in an Urban
National Recreation Area, in Wildlife Conservation in Metropolitan Environments 151, (Lowell W. Adams and
Daniel L. Leedy, eds., Nat. Inst. for Urban Wildlife 1990).
209. See John T. Tanacredi, Natural Resource Management Policy Constraints and Trade-offs in an Urban
National Recreation Area, in Integrating Man and Nature in the Metropolitan Environment 221, (Lowell W.
Adams and Daniel L. Leedy, eds., Nat. Inst. for Urban Wildlife 1986).
210. See F. Eugene Hester, The National Park Service Experience With Urban Wildlife, in Wildlife
Conservation in Metropolitan Environments 11, (Lowell W. Adams and Daniel L. Leedy, eds., Nat. Inst. for Urban
Wildlife 1990).
211. 16 USC §§ 460l-4 et. seq.; 36 CFR 59.